The relationship between HISTORICAL Sociology (HS) and International Relations (IR) is one of the relatively new fields of study, which has attracted the attention of researchers and activists of both fields during the last few decades. In other words, the impact of the international environment on internal developments is the basis for the emergence of this field of study with general titles such as International HISTORICAL Sociology (IHS) or HISTORICAL Sociology of International Relations (HSIR) during the first years or decade of the current century. The theoretical research on the book “Global HISTORICAL Sociology” (GHS), raises the question of whether it is possible to know global HISTORICAL sociology as a conjuncture point between the mentioned fields of study. The authors of the book criticized this tenet as a transdisciplinary branch that includes three areas: World Sociology, HISTORICAL Sociology, and World History. The studies carried out show that ambiguity in the possibility of methodological integration of the fields of sociology and history on the one hand and neglecting the position of the state in global transformations or its overlapping with the newly emerging field of Global Studies causes the current deficiencies in the content and methodological coherence of the book. However, the mentioned attitude can be more carefully considered and developed in the future. In this article, it will be tried to express the strengths and weaknesses of this work with a critical view.

This research article examines legal discrimination against children born out of wedlock in Iran. Despite laws promoting equality, societal attitudes influenced by beliefs continue to result in discrimination. The study explores the reconciliation of religious beliefs with legal frameworks and the changes made to the Iranian legal system in response to positive human rights developments. The Article seeks to bridge the research gaps by comparing the experiences of Iranian children with those in other countries affected by Islamic law. The study employs library sources and descriptive and HISTORICAL research methods to examine the legal status of children born outside of marriage, both nationally and internationally, and the discrimination they face. The Article is structured into four distinct sections: an analysis of Islamic Law, a review of the Iranian legal system, an assessment of Iran's compliance with international conventions, and a discourse on the necessity of substantial positive change. The Article ultimately recommends the eradication of discrimination through heightened awareness and the advancement of inclusivity for all children, irrespective of their lineage. In summary, this research Article aims to shed light on legal challenges faced by children born outside of marriage in Iran, with the goal of promoting positive changes in their treatment.

Due to the importance of Tabriz in various HISTORICAL periods after the Mongol’s invasion to the end of the Qajar period, as continuously being the capital city or the residence city of the prince, entrance to this city has been reflected in various reports. Most of the foreigners who entered Iran from European countries came from Caucasus Road to Tabriz and reported many buildings on their way. Moreover, this road was one of the most significant roadways for Caravans on the Silk Road, where various residential buildings have been constructed. Alaki caravansarai is one of the most important roadside accommodations in Northwest Iran, and so many reports about it and the quality of its façade decorations can be traced in the travelogues of foreigners who traveled to Iran. Its vastitude and elegant entrance gate nevertheless, this building has unfortunately been neglected and was about to be ruined in the 19th century and afterward. However, the beauty of its entrance gate has gained the attention of many people and has been reported in many sources. Based on the ornaments used, recent sources in the history of architecture have estimated its date to the 12th century and Ilkhanid Abū Saʿīd Bahādor Khan and the Timurid period. These sources based their estimation only on the type of ornaments used on its entrance gate and its probable that the existence of dated artworks of the Ilkhanid period nearby, such as the Mihrab of Marand’s Jame Mosque, has influenced this speculation. This article aims to meticulously study this building in various travelogues, al-Wqafīyya al-Rashīdīyya, and other sources in the history of architecture and discusses the ornament types used and their history. The detailed study of the documents and sources indicated that this building could belong to the presidency period of Ḵᵛāja Rašid-al-Din Fażl-Allāh, and based on his emphasis to establish this building, can be dated 1297-1309. The ornaments, moreover, indicate the transient period from brickwork to tilework which happened in the late 13th and early 14th centuries

There are various narrations and reports about certain companions of Imam Sajjad (a) in Imamiyyah hadith and biographical evaluations (Rijal sources). On the basis of these narrations, some scholars grant this group of companions a special position and status in the history of Imamiyyah hadith. The question is to what extent are these reports in accordance with HISTORICAL facts? And can these distinctive characteristics which gives them a distinguished status be proved, if we assess these narrations in comparison to other beliefs and narrations? According to existent reports, the authenticity of these reports could not be accepted, because HISTORICAL data do not support their content. By examining various Shiite and Sunni sources, this article studies the interactions and relationships of this group of companions with Imam al-Sajjad (a) and also their position in the Imamiyya hadith collections. It is showed that aforementioned narrations could not solely provide a proof for a companion's reliability and unique status in the history of Imamiyya school of thought.

Recognizing the VALUE of each phenomenon has a direct relation with the credit, knowledge and desire of the people who attempt to identify and evaluate that phenomenon’s VALUEs. HISTORICAL works are valuable phenomena and they have been able to manifest in themselves religious, social, HISTORICAL and cultural VALUEs. Comprehensive recognition of the VALUEs of HISTORICAL works is in line with the thorough recognition of the culture and identity of each society and it can reveal different aspects of the world view of members of that society throughout HISTORICAL periods.The main issue in this research involves the question that what is the content of the VALUE and the effective components in recognizing and evaluating the VALUE in HISTORICAL works? To this end, VALUE was firstly explored from different points of view so that effective components in identifying and evaluating the VALUE were determined. Attempt was made to determine the relation between the VALUE and the intervention approach through identifying the mentioned components. The research is of the type of the theoretical-fundamental researches conducted with logical reasoning and the required material for research has been achieved through the library and field studies; moreover, the analyses used for concluding are qualitative.The last result of the research shows that the VALUE and evaluating the VALUE in the HISTORICAL works is a dynamic process and they are changing in accordance with the natural conditions and chronological situation. Moreover, alongside the effective HISTORICAL, cultural and physical components in evaluating the VALUE, the issue of human's understanding of the surrounding environment is also effective in evaluating the VALUE and there is a direct link between recognizing and evaluating the VALUE in the HISTORICAL works and intervention approach.